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Third, because carbon 14 forms from cosmic ray bombardment of nitrogen 14 (and decays back into nitrogen 14 through the release of beta particles, i.e., electrons) the effect of variations in cosmic radiation intensity (caused by altitude, depth below the earth's surface, and astronomical events) can be difficult to calibrate.

Fourth, a specimen's contamination by carbon from surrounding soil, water, vegetation, and animal matter can seriously undermine accuracy of tests on a given sample.

If greater likelihood is sought, we could look at the interval 30 \pm 80$years, encompassing two standard deviations, and the likelihood that the half-life of a given sample of Carbon$ will fall in this range is a little over $percent. This task addresses a very important issue about precision in reporting and understanding statements in a realistic scientific context. Each of these methods is explained in this section.I make no mention of carbon 14 in my books for six reasons: First, the carbon 14 dating method measures the time since a living organism has died.Thus, it is useless for measuring anything that has never been alive, such as a rock.This task examines, from a mathematical and statistical point of view, how scientists measure the age of organic materials by measuring the ratio of Carbon$ to Carbon \$.The focus here is on the statistical nature of such dating.